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Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It is opposing soft systems. Although soft systems thinking treats all problems as ill-defined or not easily quantified, hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on) assume that: * the problems associated with such systems are well-defined * they have a single, optimum solution * a scientific approach to problem-solving will work well * technical factors will tend to predominate == Developments in hard systems thinking == Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hard systems」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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